Back to the future: class organisation for student centred learning
The other day I had the opportunity to visit a school I began my career visiting in 1960
During a discussion with the principal she mentioned the classrooms had been developed into innovative ( or flexible) learning environments.
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| Teachers teach students learn |
I couldn't help suggest that I bet the daily classroom programmes/timetables haven't changed much since I first visited the school 40 plus years ago ( with exception of availability of information technology)..
If anything the current emphasis on literacy and numeracy had reinforced the timetables of earlier times taking up the morning time with the rest of the Learning Areas squeezed into the afternoon period. Hardly flexible teaching? Hardly progress?
What would I do if I were teaching today?
My visit made me think of what I would do if I were to be responsible for teaching in one of the classroom spaces. It is always easier to give advice than it is to put ideas into practice; classroom organisational pattern are hard to change. Teaching is a conservative occupation.
Precursors to child centred learning
Student centred learning has along history
. For me John Dewey is one of the important educators with his encouragement of student led learning. In the
1950s child centred developmental programmes were
introduced in junior classrooms but they didn't reach up to standard classrooms. Such programmes were encouraged by
the philosophy of Dr Clarence Beeby, the innovative Director of Education, and by Peter Fraser Minister of Education in the first Labour Government.
Dr Beeby established the advisory service and appointed Gordon Tovey as. Director of Art Education Gordon Tovey with his team of art advisers developed creative art programmes in schools and later related, or integrated, arts programmes. I was lucky to have attended two such courses in the 60s..
Such courses inspired many teachers (mainly in rural schools) to develop integrated prgrammes the best known of which was Elwyn Richardson teaching in an isolated small rural school in Northland.
His book In the Early World published 1964 has recently been republished by the NZCER and is well worth inquiring.
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| Gordon Tovey |
Taranaki Environmental student centred project 1970 -1980
Following teaching in a progressive primary school in England in 1969;; a school where the whole day was integrated around a variety of curriculum challenges based on four rotational groups
On rteturning to NZ I began working with a small group of local teachers to put ideas into practice We previously were all impressed with the Nuffield Junior Science Project which challenged us to develop open ended science studies - often with different groups studying different topics. .
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Marion Keeble
Inspirational UK teacher 69 |
At the end of the year we published our findings in small booklet which itself was problematic as it was not permissable for advisers to publish without prior approval of the Education Department. Ironically, five years later, we were asked to republish it and to
present the ideas at the 1975 Auckland NZEI 100 Year Centennial Conference held at the Elleslie Racecourse
Below are the main ideas that evolved.
Recently I found a battered copy of our conference booklet and it was interesting to read the thoughts we had developed 1970-75
The curriculum
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| Our small booklet 1970 |
We were all dissatisfied with the traditional compartmentalised programmes of the day and also the emphasis on using ability grouping in reading and maths;
integrated studies was our emphasis..
We thought it vital
to centre learning around real experiences of the students but we also appreciated that this interest could be motivated by teachers by means of interesting displays to arouse student curiosity and questions
We believed
using the rich immediate environment as a major source for studies -natural history, heritage and social studies. Other distant studies in time and place were also to be included.
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| Studying wasp nest |
When a study was agreed to students brainstorm questions and ideas they might like to study and often a flo chart of ideas placed on the blackboard - an ideas from the Nuffield Science Project As ideas were completed they were checked off.
The teacher and class then planned activities to complete in group work - art ideas, maths, language and activities related directly to the content chosen. We all believed t was
important to do fewer things well; in depth. A simple checklist of Learning Areas covered enabled teachers to note areas needing future coverage,
Teaching skills at point of need.
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| Importance of observation |
The importance of teaching skills at point of need in all areas of learning was vital to ensure all students achieve their 'personal best' and to help all students take a growing responsibility for their own learning and behaviour. One skill we thought
important was 'to slow the pace' of students' work so as to allow space for teachers to come alongside the learner to ensure all students were able to achieve their 'personal best'.
The role of the teacher was to be a guide and facilitator to at as a learning coach .. .
Class organisation and room environment
We had in our minds the metaphor of classrooms as a synthesis of a workshop, museum, science laboratory and art gallery - the room environment we saw as the main influence on the students; the major 'message system'
We arranged the desks to suit the pattern of work and
the classroom was to more or less divided into learning areas - one for maths challenges; one for language activities; and one for the current study .Areas in the classroom we believed should not be rigid but basically where students do art activities, reading and research centres, maths challenges and areas featuring the current study
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Some form of organisation we felt still important and teachers involved made use of
group rotations with timetables and activities made explicit on the blackboard. At first maths and language would be undertaken in the morning, moving away from ability grouping, and integrated , where possible, providing content and skills to used during the afternoon activity time
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Workshop art gallery
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Groups varied but essentially a research reading/writing group; an activity group doing practical things; a group working on their finished booklet and an art group. .e.
At various times the whole day focused on the four group changing three or four times during the day; a fully integrated day
Each study unit lasted three or four weeks with week one introducing the study ( usually motivated by a teacher display) planning activities and shared experiences. The second week introduced rotational group work and following week (s) students working independently finishing off work.
'Slowing the pace of work' to develop quality.
One of the main ideas we felt important was to '
slow the pace of students ' to allow teachers to assist those in need and to ensure quality results in any area of learning.
We believed too many students worked with the belief 'that first finished is best' and spoilt their work by rushing. It was, we felt, important to develop a
sense of craftsmanship and pride of achievement. We wanted all students to feel the
satisfaction of doing something really well.
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| Careful observational of a pheasant - doing something realky well |
As part of this 'slowing of the pace of work' was the idea to develop
a sense of aesthetic craftsmanship /design in all activities . One important idea was to introduce the idea of
focused observation through drawing , not only for its own sake, but also to encourage questioning, ideas for language and to be re-imagined through the creative arts.
Student records of learning - 'portfolios'
Am important element of programmes was the introduction of a
personal writing book in which students process one piece of quality writing about their own lives weekly. As well another book featured recorded ideas from content studies. Along with other books thees books were
seen as student portfolios in which students and their parents can visually see progress.
All books were expected to show qualitative improvement..
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| A study of church architecture |
Each study led to the development of a student booklet or chart
Students were given deign help to ensure quality work.
The room environment
We all believed in the importance of developing the classroom environment to celebrate student achievement. Visitors to the classrooms were impressed with the students' achievements in all areas of learning.,As part of this environment
student work to be suitably framed and displayed by the teachers.
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| Teacher motivational displays - student work added as study is completed |
The total classroom we saw as the major 'message system' of the classroom.
Transition time
We appreciated that time would be required for teachers and students to make full use of such a programme.
Transition would depend on teacher and student readiness and skill and teacher confidence in the areas being studied
. It was a difficult task for teachers and students to unlearn past procedures. The best time to experiment with new ideas would be at the end of term where the holidays could be used to rethink success and failure. Abandoning all past security could well bring about chaos which would be detrimental to students.
Nothing was perfect - a work in progress.
Our published booklet featured teachers comments on the development of their programmes and
it wasn't all plain sailing. One problem was for teachers to move too fast before they and theirstudents had gained the skills necessary for independent work.
Giving students too much choice is as almost as bad as having no choice at all. The need for gradual change soon became apparent and that
students could only handle greater choice when they had the skills to do work of quality - many of the skills required were best introduced to groups with similar needs.
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| Colonial;l display |
With time a sense of shared ownership developed in all the classrooms as students and teachers grew in skill and confidence. Most important were the various studies that were introduced and researched by the students - studies that were integrated with poetic writing, art and language. When studies were completed they were shared with parents and visitors.
Later on one teacher developed the ideas very successfully in an open plan building ( the modern. innovative or flexible buildings of today).
All teachers continued with the approach until retirement and some of the ideas are still to be seen in local classrooms today - mainly the emphasis on quality work and stimulating classroom environments celebrating student work.
What would such teachers think about today?
The teachers involved would be impressed with the intent of the 2007 New Zealand Curriculum and with the purpose built flexible buildings that are a feature of schools today and all would enjoy the challenge of integrating modern information technology.
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| Quality book work |
They, however. would be less than impressed with the imposition of National Standards which would remind them of an education system they thought they had left well behind.
.An they would not be impressed with the narrowing of the curriculum as a result of the Standards and the neglect of creativity that results form formulaic teaching.
And most of all they would resent the lack of trust and respect given teachers and the oppressive audit and evaluation requirements. They would be really concerned with the workload placed on today's teachers to assess and record progress..
If I were to return to teaching today!
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| An excellent document |
If I were return to a classroom today I would further develop ideas we explored at the time. As a principal, and later as Massey College of Education adviser, I found
the most difficult thing to change were the teachers belief in the need for ability grouping in literacy and numeracy. The
best answer was to 're- frame' these areas so as to integrate them as much as possible with current class studies developing a connection between the morning and afternoon programmes.
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I believe ideas developed are just as relevant now and for the future as we thought they were in those days particularly if we want to ensure schools are to develop the talents and dispositions for all students to be life long learners required by the New Zealand Curriculum
The ideas we developed would be ideal to develop the life long active learners, able to 'seek, use and create their own knowledge' as stated in New Zealand Curriculum.
Ideal for today's Modern Learning Environments?
With the addition of modern information technology ideas we introduced decades ago would be ideal now to develop personalized learning and and particularly in today's modern flexible learning environments
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| Quality student records |
Innovative Schools currently pushing the boundaries are .
A school I admire is New Tech High School in California.
Check out Elwyn Richardson's book 'In the Early World'.
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| One teachers journey - Bill Guild. Students as scientists and artists |
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‘Alas, too many parents, teachers, and
managers persist in treating people like pets, offering the equivalent of a
doggie biscuit to children, students, and employees in an effort to get them to
jump through hoops. (Rewards are tools used by people with more power on those
with less.) The more familiar you are with the mountain of research on this
topic, the more depressed you’ll be to find, for example, that schools continue
to rely on Skinnerian programs such as PBIS, Class Dojo, Accelerated Reader,
and the like. It’s not just that they’re manipulative, or
even that they’re ultimately unsuccessful. It’s that they’re actively harmful.’
‘Since the dawn of human art-making, the divide has been clear:
There are people who can effortlessly sketch an object's likeness, and people
who struggle for hours just to get the angles and proportions right (by which
point the picture is scarred by eraser marks, anyway). What separates the
drawers from the drawer-nots?’
